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| 1521 |
| | | Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther after he has refused to recant | |
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| 1522 |
| | | Outlawed by the Edict of Worms, Luther lives secretly in the Wartburg as Junker Georg | |
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| 1525 |
| | | Muslims throughout Spain are ordered to convert to Christianity or to leave the kingdom | |
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| 1545 |
| | | 3000 Waldenses are massacred as heretics in the villages of Provence | |
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| 1546 |
| | | David Beaton, the archbishop of St Andrews, burns a leading Protestant, George Wishart, as a heretic and is murdered in retaliation | |
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| 1547 |
| | | John Knox is captured in St Andrews and is sent to serve in the French fleet as a galley slave | |
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| 1555 |
| | | The Protestant martyrs, though few in number, ensure the reputation of Bloody Mary in English history | |
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| 1567 |
| | | The duke of Alba introduces a reign of terror in the Spanish Netherlands, by means of a tribunal known as the Council of Blood | |
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| 1572 |
| | | A massacre of French Protestants, known as the Huguenots, begins in Paris on St Bartholomew's Day | |
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| c. 1585 |
| | | Catholics are now the martyrs in England, their numbers almost matching the Protestant martyrs of the previous reign | |
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